Children's Literature Index - C

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Cadigan, Mary and Patricia Craig, You're a Brick, Angela!: A New Look at Girls' Fiction from 1839 to 1975, i8:168-175

The Cage (Sender), i17:206-211

Cahn, Annabelle Simon, "Leo Lionni, Illustrator and Philosopher," 2:123-129

Cajun Columbus (Durio; Rice, ill.), i7:255-261

Cajun Night Before Christmas ("Trosclair"; Jacobs, ed.; Rice, ill.), i7:255-261

Caldecott, Randolph, 18:169-172; 19:192-197; 31:181-185

Caldecott & Co.: Notes on Books and Pictures (Sendak), i19:192-197

"Caldecott and the English Picture Book Tradition" (Avery),i18:169-172

Callen, Larry, Pinch, i7:255-261

Cambon, Glauco, "Pinocchio and the Problem of Children's Literature," 2:50-60

Cameron, Eleanor, Beyond Silence, 12:122-133; "A Response to Perry Nodelman's 'Beyond Explanation,'" 12:134-46

Campbell, Elizabeth A., Jamestown: The Beginning, i5:261,269

Campbell, Ian, "Imagination and the Spirit: Essays in Literature and the Christian Faith (Huttar, ed.)," i3:240-242

Canadian Children's Literature: A Journal of Criticism and Review (1975--), i8:199-200

Canadian children's literature, 4:138-152; bibliography, 4:149-152

"'The Canary and the Nightingale': Performance and Virtue in Eight Cousins and Rose in Bloom" (Mills), 34:109-138

Canham, Stephen, "From Wonderland to the Marketplace: Alice''s Progeny," 28:226-229

"Canonical 'Orphans' and Critical Ennui: Rereading Edgeworth's Cross-Writing" (Myers), 25:116-136

Capasso, Ruth Carver, "Philanthropy in Nineteenth-Century French Children's Literature: the Example of La Bibliotheque Rose," 29:17-33

Captains Courageous (Kipling), 20:52- 68

Carillo, Graciela, ill., The Legend of Food Mountain/La Montaña del Alimento (Rohmer, ed.), i15:179-185

Carl Sandburg, Young Singing Poet (Melin; Doremus, ill.), i3:245-248

Carle, Eric, ill., Why Noah Chose the Dove (Singer), i5:304-310

Carlson, Doris G., "Two Books from Scandinavia," i3:223-224

Carlson, Natalie Savage, 5:157-161

Carlson, Ruth Kearney, Enrichment Ideas, i6:246-254

Carothers, Martha, "Illustrated Words," i14:201-204

Carpenter, Mia, ill., That Was Summer (Ridlon), i4:165-172

Carpenter, Humphrey, Secret Gardens: A Study of the Golden Age of Children's Literature, i15:207-210; with Mari Prichard, The Oxford Companion to Children's Literature, i14:187-193

Carr, Terry, Into the Unknown, i5:288-293

"Carroll and Cohen: On a First-Name Basis with Charles Lutwidge Dodgson" (Susina), 26:221-228

Carroll, Jeffrey, Climbing to the Sun, i7:233-241

Carroll, Lewis, 1:54-57,152-161; 3:66-67,72-73; 4:186-191; 5:76-77; 7:78-92; 11:32-48; 12:175-184, 16:1-30; 29:229-243; 29:229-243; poems, 5:286-287; Jabberwocky, i2:213-215; Lewis Carroll; A Biography, 26:221-228; 27:205-210

Carter, Dorothy Sharp, The Enchanted Orchard (Mars), i3:218-221

Cary, Joseph, rev. "Six Beauties Sleeping," i6:224-234; "Tertiary Worlds," i2:213-215

"The Case for Children's Literature" (Fadiman), 5:9-21

The Case of Peter Pan or The Impossibility of Children's Fiction (Rose), i14:177-185

"Casting Nets for Children's Literature" (Cummings), i14:187-193

The Cat and the Devil (Joyce), 2:130-133

"'The Cat in the Hat for President,'" (Flynn), i33:263-267

Catherall, Arthur, Last Horse on the Sands (Farris, ill.), i2:226

"Cat-Quest: A Symbolic Animal in Margaret Wise Brown" (Rahn), 22:149-161

Causley, Charles, Figgie Hobbin (Hyman, ill.), i6:195-199

Cavin, Ruth, Timothy the Terror, i3:230-234

Cech, John, Angels and Wild Things: The Archetypal Poetics of Maurice Sendak, i24:235-240; "Audaciously, Archetypally American," i22:187-191; "Breaking Chains: Brother Blue, Storyteller," 9:151-177; "In Mansfield Hollow: For Francelia," 28:186-189; "Notes on American Children's Folklore," i8:176-183; "Pictures and Picture Books on the Wall," i19:179-188; "Princess Red Wing: Keeper of the Past," 10:83-101; "Sendak's Mythic Childhood," i10:178-182; "Some Leading, Blurred, and Violent Edges of the Contemporary Picture Book," i15:197-206

Celebrating Children's Books: Essays on Children's Literature in Honor of Zena Sutherland, (Hearne and Kaye, eds.), i12:200-205

Cell, Howard R., "The Socratic Pilgrimage of the Elephant's Child," 20:132-145

Cellini, Joseph (ill.), Riff, Remember and To Catch a Tartar (Hall), i3:202-206; Troublemaker (Hall), i4:199-203

"Censorship and Mythmaking in Nazi Germany" (Bosmajian), i14:171-175

Censorship in Children's Literature (Nilsen and Bosmajian), i27:233-238

Chains of the Sea: Original Novellas of Science Fiction (Silverberg, ed.), i5:294-297

Chalmers, Mary, ill., Letitia Rabbit's String Song (Hoban), i2:234

Chambers, Aidan, 26:185-204

Chambers, Dewey W., Storytelling and Creative Drama, i6:246-254

Chambers, Nancy, ed., The Signal Approach to Children's Books, i12:200-205

Chandoha, Walter, Walter Chandoha's Pet Album, i3:234-235

Chang, Charity, "Children's Literature: A Resource for Collection Development," i6:260-263; rev., Clever Cooks (Greene; Hyman, ill.), i3:236; "'The Nürnberg Stove' as an Artistic Fairy Tale," 5:148-156; "Two Catalogs" (Allison-Shelley, David McCandless), i3:239-240; "Uri Shulevitz: Illustrator and Writer," i3:226-227

"A Change in the Family: The Image of the Family in Contemporary Chinese Children's Literature, 1949-1993 (Yang)" 26:86-104

"Change, Tradition, and Critical Styles in the Contemporary World of Children's Books" (Helson), 5:22-39

"Changing Agendas" (Bottigheimer), i21:162-166

Chapleau, Sebastien, ed., New Voices in Children's Literature Criticism, i34:246-250

"Characters on the Couch" (West), i18:197-199

"Charles Dickens, Marcel Proust, and Günter Grass on Childhood" (Barstow), 7:147-168

Charlip, Remy, and Demetra Maraslis, ills., The Seeing Stick (Yolen), i7:221-224

Charlotte's Web (White), 1:104-124; 2:61-66; 8:111-117; 13:109-27; 18:42-52; 27:105-128

"Charlotte's Web: A Lonely Fantasy of Love" (Griffith), 8:111-117

"The Charm of Peter Pan" (Green), 9:19-27

Charters, Mallay and Ann, "'Reine Never Went to Camp': An Excerpt from Barnens Ö [Children's Island] by P.C. Jersild," 9:51-60

Chaston, Joel and M. Sarah Smedman, eds., Bridges for the Young: The Fiction of Katherine Paterson, i33:268-273

"La Chatte Blanche" (d'Aulnoy), 6:77-92

Chaucer, 2:43-44; 3:117-122; 4:59-62

"Chaucer's Treatise on the Astrolabe: A Handbook for the Medieval Child" (Jambeck and Jambeck), 3:117-122

"Checking Out America: Libraries as Agents of Acculturation in Three Mid-Century Girls' Books" (Sweeney), 33:41-65

Chekhov, Anton, 3:242-245

Chess, Victoria (ill.), Fletcher and Zenobia Save the Circus (Gorey), i6:246-254; Millicent the Monster (Lystad), i3:213-218

Chetin, Helen, Perihan's Promise, Turkish Relatives, and the Dirty Old Imam (Krush and Krush, ills.), i3:224-226

Child, Lydia Maria, Juvenile Miscellany, 27:22-39

"Child Abuse and the Literature of Childhood" (Fiedler), 8:147-153

The Child and the Republic: the Dawn of Modern American Child Nurture (Wishy), i5:253-260

"The Child as Rebel in Song and Rhyme" (Hornstein), 1:130-137

"The Child in Shakespeare" (Fiedler, Muir et al), 2:209-212

Child of Morrow (Hoover), i6:211-220

"Child Poets and the Poetry of the Playground" (Thomas), 32:152-177

"Child Readers and Renaissance Writers" (Dusinberre), i17:171-175

"Child Reading and Man Reading: Oz, Babar, and Pooh" (Sale), 1:162-172

"Childhood Lost, Childhood Regained: Hartley Coleridge's Fable of Defeat" (Plotz), 14:133-148

childhood, selected writers' views of [Dickens, Proust and Grass], 7:147-168

"Childhood's Companions" (Avery), i12:154-161

"Childhood's End?" (Alberghene), i13:188-193

"Childhood's Pattern: The Parting of the Ways" (Avery), 4:153-164

Childhood's Pattern: A Study of Heroes and Heroines in Children's Fiction 1770-1950 (Avery), i9:193-196

"Childlike Wonder and the Truths of Science Fiction" (L'Engle), 10:102-110

Child-Loving: the Erotic Child and Victorian Culture (Kincaid), 23:254-260

Children and Books (Arbuthnot and Sutherland), i6:246-254

"Children and Literature in Late Medieval England" (Brockman), 4:58-63

"Children and Literature in Medieval France" (McMunn), 4:51-57

Children and Their Books: A Celebration of the Work of Iona and Peter Opie (Avery and Briggs, eds.), i20:211-217

Children and Their Literature (Georgiou), i6:246-454

"Children at Play: An Album of Twelve Leaves" (Wilkinson and Lai), 4:23-29

Children Experience Literature (Lonsdale and Macintosh), i6:246-254

"Children in the Middle Ages" (Talbot), 6:17-32

The Children of Green Knowe (Boston), 8:53-67

Children of the Dust (Lawrence), i17:206-211

Children of the Series & How They Grew; or, A Century of Heroines & Heroes, Romantic, Comic, Moral (Kensinger), i18:173-183

"Children of the (17)60s--and Beyond" (Bottigheimer), 32:222-225

Children of the Yukon (Harrison), i7:233-241

Children of War (Rosenblatt), i13:188-193

"The Children, the Children!" (Hillman), 8:3-6

The Children We Remember (Abells), i17:206-211

Children without Childhood (Winn), i13:188-193

"Children's Books by Famous Writers for Adults" (Apseloff), 2:130-138

Children's Books in England: Five Centuries of Social Life, Third edition (Darton and Alderson), i14:187-193

The Children's Books of Randall Jarrell (Griswold), i18:188-196

children's cinema, 31:186-191

The Children's Civil War (Marten), i29:244-251

Children's Films: History, Ideology, Pedagogy Theory (Wojcik-Andrews), i31:186-191

Children's Literature (1972--) (Butler, founder, ed.-in-chief volumes 1-21, senior editor volumes 22-25), i8:197-198

"Children's Literature: A Resource for Collection Development" (Chang), i6:260-263

Children's Literature: An Issues Approach (Rudman), i6:246-254

Children's Literature and Audio-Visual Materials in Africa (Schmidt, ed.), i7:225

"Children's Literature and Considered Bravado" (Schmidt), 23:243-247

Children's Literature and Critical Theory: Reading and Writing for Understanding (May), i26:205-210

"Children's Literature and the History of Ideas" (Moss), i9:191-196

"Children's Literature and the Holocaust" (Kremer), 32:252-263

"Children's Literature and the Media" (Butler), i7:225

"Children's Literature and the 'New Negro'" (Kory), i33:258-262

"Children's Literature and the Politics of the Nation-State" (Stahl), i20:193-203

"Children's Literature and/as the Avant-Garde" (Kidd), 32:246-251

"Children's Literature as Historical Evidence" (Moynihan), i5:253-260

Children's Literature Comes of Age: Toward a New Aesthetic (Nikolajeva), i26:205-210

"Children's Literature Criticism: the Old and the New" (Wojcik-Andrews), 30:238-244

"Children's Literature in Austria" (Lederer), 3:43- 47

Children's Literature in Education (1969--), 8:200-201

Children's Literature in Hitler's Germany: The Cultural Policy of National Socialism (Kamenetsky), i14:171-175

"Children's Literature in Old English" (Keenan) 1:16-20

Children's Literature in the Curriculum (Montebello), i6:246-254

Children's Literature in the Elementary School (Huck), i6:246-254

"Children's Literature in the Middle Ages" (McMunn and McMunn), 1:21-29

Children's Literature of the English Renaissance (Wooden; Watson, ed.), i17:171-175

Children's Literature of the Harlem Renaissance, (Smith), i33:258-262

"Children's Literature on Film: Through the Audiovisual Era to the Age of Telecommunications" (Schindel), 9:93-106

Children's Literature Review (1975--), i8:193-203

Children's Literature: The Development of Criticism (Hunt, ed.), i21:167-173

Children's Periodicals of the United States (Kelly, ed.), i16:193-198

"Children's Stories: The Link to a Past" (Coles), 8:141-146

Children's Theatre and Creative Dramatics: An Annotated Bibliography of Critical Works (Fordyce), i6:254-255

"Children's Theatre in East and West Germany: Theories, Practice and Programs" (Zipes), 2:173-191

"Children's Verse: Four Styles" (Fairbanks), i4:165-172

"The Child's Understanding of Tragedy" (Coles), 15:1-6

Chinese children's literature, 3:36-42; 7:181-190; 9:73-92; 10:183-185; 26:86-104

"Chinese Literature for Children" (Eutsler), i10:183-185

Chinese Popular Literature and the Child (Scott), i10:183-185

Chittum, Ida, A Nutty Business (Gammell, ill.), i3:202-206

The Chocolate War (Cormier), 26:105-122; 30:96-124

"Christian Influences and Latin Rhetoric in the Middle Ages" (Riggio), 4:44-51

Christopher, John, Wild Jack, i6:211-220

Chronicles of Narnia (Lewis), 3:12-21; see also "Narnia"

Chums (boys' magazine), 16:31-56

Cianciolo, Patricia, Illustrations in Children's Books, i6:246-254

Cinderella, 31:142-154

Cisceros, Sandra, House on Mango Street, 23:221-241

City of Darkness (Bova), i6:215-216

Clareson, Thomas D., ed., Extrapolation: A Journal of Science Fiction and Fantasy, vol. 16, no.2, i5:239-246

Clark, Beverly Lyon, Kiddie Lit: the Cultural Construction of Children's Literature in America, i33:252-257; Louisa May Alcott: The Contemporary Reviews, i34:209-213; "A Portrait of the Artist as a Little Woman," 17:81-97; editor, with Margaret R. Higonnet, Girls, Boys, Books, Toys: Gender in Children's Literature and Culture, i30:205-210; Regendering the School Story: Sassy Sissies and Tattling Tomboys, i28:215-218; with Janice M. Alberghene, eds., Little Women and the Feminist Imagination: Criticism, Controversy, Personal Essays, i28:238-244

Clark, Mary Cowles, ill., The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (Baum), i8:157-163

"Class Acts" (West), i19:189-191

"Classic Illustrators" (Thomas), i14:195-200

"Classics of Children's Literature" (Moss), i10:194-198

Classics of Children's Literature (Lurie and Schiller), i 10:194-198

Clausen, Christopher, "Home and Away in Children's Fiction," 10:141-152

Claveloux, Nicole, Go, Go, Go, Grabote!, i3:230-234

"Cleanliness and Class in the Countess de Segur's Novels" (Doray), 17:64-80

Cleary, Beverly, Ramona the Brave, i5:298-299; Emily's Runaway Imagination, 33:41- 65

Cleaver, Elizabeth, ill., The Loon's Necklace (Toye), i7:233-241

Cleaver, Vera and Bill, Me Too and The Whys and Wherefores of Littabelle Lee, i7:255-261

Clemens, Samuel (see Twain, Mark)

Cleopatra. A Poem (Fenton), 14:123-131

Clever Cooks: A Concoction of Stories Charmes, Recipes and Riddles (Greene; Hyman, ill.), i3:236

Clifford, Mary Louise, Bisha of Burundi (Stubley, ill.), i2:215-217

Climb into the Bell Tower: Essays on Poetry (Livingston), i21:174-178

Climbing to the Sun (Carroll), i7:233-241

Cline, Linda, Weakfoot, i7:255-261

Clockwork (Pullman) 33:66-93

"Close Encounters of a Pictorial Kind" (Doonan), i20:204-210

"Clothed in Nature or Nature Clothed: Dress as Metaphor in the illustrations of Beatrix Potter and C.M. Barker" (Scott), 22:70-69

Coats, Karen, "Dangerous Intersection: Feminists at Work," 30:205-210; "Lacan with Runt Pigs," 27:105-128; Looking Glasses and Neverlands: Lacan, Desire, and Subjectivity in Children's Literature, i33:285-288; "Venting the Child: The Limits of a Polemic," 31:206-214

Cober, Alan E., ill., The Tiger's Bones and Other Plays for Children (Hughes), i3:210-211

Cohen, Daniel A., "The Origin and Development of the New England Primer," 5:52-57; "Shaping the National Character, New England Primer" (Cohen), 5:52-57

Cohen, Morton, Lewis Carroll: A Biography, i26:221-228

Colavita, Federica Dominguez, "The Current State of Children's Literature in Argentina," 7:169-180

Cole, Bernard and Milton Meltzer, eds., The Eye of Conscience: Photographers and Social Change, i4:179-183

Cole, Henry, Home Treasury, 8:35-52

Cole, William, A Book of Animal Poems (Parker, ill.), i3:198-202; ed., Poetry of Horses, i10:186-193

Coleridge, Hartley, 14:133-148, "Adolf and Annette," 14:151-161

"Coleridge's Poetry in the Hands of Schoolchildren (Watson)," 26:25-46

Coles, Robert, "Children's Stories: The Link to a Past," 8:141-146; "The Child's Understanding of Tragedy," 15:1-6; The Moral Life of Children, i16:199-203; The Political Life of Children, i16:199-203

"Collector's Items" (Parry), i6:239-245

Collodi, Carlo [Carlo Lorenzini], 2:50-60; 3:23-35; 8:98-102; 11:64-75; 15:186-192

Colona, Bernard, ill., Star Ka'at (Norton and Madlee), i6:202-211

Collum, Albert, The Geranium on the Windowsill Just Died but Teacher You Went Right On, i3:208-209

Como, James, "Mediating Illusions: Three Studies of Narnia," i10:163-168

Comic books, 1:77-92,93-97; 3:46; 5:117-129; see also "Superman" and "Tin-Tin"

The Coming Nation (magazine), 1:67-70

"A Comiing-of-Age for Little Women and Alcott Scholarship" (Sheldon, rev.), 34:209-213

"A Committed, Passionate Voice" (Neumeyer), i21:174-178

Comoletti, Laura B. And Michael D.C. Drout, "How They Do Things with Words: Language, Power, Gender, and the Priestly Wizards of Ursula K. Le Guin's Earthsea Books," 29:113-141

The Complete Fairy Tales of the Brothers Grimm (Zipes, ed.), i17:182-192

Comus (Milton), 2:67-72

"The Concept of Oz" (Greene), 3:173-176

"The Concept of the Child in the Middle Ages: The Ariès Thesis" (Barstow), 4:41-44

Conford, Ellen, Felicia the Critic, i3:230-234

Connolly, Paula T., "Still a Slave: Legal and Spiritual Freedom in Julius Lester's 'Where the Sun Lives,'" 26:123-139

The Conscience Pudding (Nesbit), 3:160

"Constructing a shared History: Black Pageantry for Children During the Harlem Renaissance" (Smith), 27:40-63

Constructing the Little House: Gender, Culture, and Laura Ingalls Wilder (Romines), i30:194-198

"Contemporary Children's Literature in India" (Sheoran), 4:127-137

"Contemporary Children's Literature in Norway" (Bozanic), 3:61-65

Conversations (Malzberg), i6:207-208

The Cool Web: The Pattern of Children's Reading (Meek, Warlow and Barton, eds., i12:192-199

Coolidge, Olivia, The Apprenticeship of Abraham Lincoln, i5:261,266-268

Cooney, Barbara, ill., Midsummer Magic (Greene, comp.), i7:222-224; Spirit Child: A Story of the Nativity (Bierhorst, trans.), i15:179-185

Cooper, Susan, The Grey King (Heslop, ill.), i6:191-195

The Coral Island (Ballantyne), 25:205-213

Corcoran, Barbara, A Dance to Still Music (Robinson, ill.), i4:199-203

Cormier, Robert, i7:253-254; 15:7-18; After the First Death, 16:77-90; The Chocolate War, 26:105-122; 30:96-124; I Am the Cheese, i7:248-254

Cory, F.Y., ill., The Master Key (Baum), i5:288-289

Cott, Jonathan, Pipers at the Gates of Dawn: The Wisdom of Children's Literature, i13:204-208

"Cott in Himmel" (Nodelman), i13:204-208

Couratin, Patrick, Something New Under the Sun, i3:230-235

Coyote the Trickster (Robinson and Hill), i7:233-241

The Crab and the Claws (Rémi), 1:95

Craddock, Patricia, "Beholding American Children: A British Perspective," i25:250-254

Craig, Patricia and Mary Cadogan, You're a Brick, Angela!: A New Look at Girls' Fiction from 1839 to 1975, i8:168-175

Crane, Walter, 3:183-185; 31:181-185

Creanga, Ion, 4:70-79

Creative Storytelling: Building Community, Changing Lives (Zipes), i25:271-277

Crew, Hilary S. Is It Really Mommie Dearest? Daughter-Mother Narratives in Young Adult Fiction, i30:211-214

Cricket (Fadiman and Carus, eds., Furnas, rev.), i2:229-230

Cricket Boy (Ziner; Young, ill.), i 7:221-222

Cripps, Elizabeth A., "Alice and the Reviewers," 11:32-48

"Critical Acts of Imperialistic Criticism" (Wojcik-Andrews), i20:187-192

"Critical Apertures" (Higonnet), i17:143-150

A Critical Approach to Children's Literature (Smith), i6:246-254

A Critical Handbook of Children's Literature (Lukens), i6:246-254

criticism, children's literature, 34:246-250

"Criticism of Children's Literature; A Review of Children's Literature Anthologies and Core Texts" (Lewis), i6:246-254

Criticism, Theory, and Children's Literature (Hunt), i21:167-173

cross-writing child and adult, Volume 25; 30:159-186

"'Cross-Writing' and the Reconceptualizing of Children's Literary Studies," 25:vii-xvii

"Crosswriting the School Story" (Kidd), 28:215-218

Crossley-Holland, Kevin and Jill Paton Walsh, trans., Storm and Other Old English Riddles; i3:198-202; Word Hoard: Anglo-Saxon Stories, i3:218-221

Crouch, Marcus, The Nesbit Tradition: The Children's Novel, 1945-1970, i3:238-239

The Crows of Pearblossom (Huxley), 2:130-132

Cuckoo Clock (Molesworth), 17:1-24

Cuffari, Richard, ill., The Perilous Gard (Pope), i4:199-200

Cullinan, Bernice E., Its Discipline and Content, i6:246-254

Cullum, Albert, The Geranium on the Windowsill Just Died but Teacher You Went Right On, i3:206-211

"The Culture and Literature of Girlhood: Liberation or Limitation?" (Hubler), i25:240-249

Culture, texte et jeune lecteur (Culture, Text and Young Reader) (Perrot, ed.), i23:265-270

Culturing the Child 1690-1914: Essays in Memory of Mitzi Myers (Ruwe, ed.), i34:219-221

Cummins, June, "Understood Betsy, Understood Nation: Dorothy Canfield Fisher and Willa Cather Queer America," 32:15-40; "'Where the Girls Are'--and Aren't," 28:249-255

Cummings, E.E., 2:130,133,135-136

Cummings, Irving P., "Casting Nets for Children's Literature," i14:187-193

Cupid and the Chow-Chow (Alcott), 14:105-133; 22:27-42

"The Curmudgeon in the Garden" (Griswold), i15:207-210

"The Current State of Children's Literature in Argentina" (Colavita), 7:169-180

"The Current State of Children's Literature in Canada" (Mendelsohn), 4:138-152

The Curse of Laguna Grande (Van Iterson), i2:227

Curtis, Edward S., photographer, The Girl Who Married a Ghost (Bierhorst, ed.), i7:233-241

Cushla and Her Books (Butler), i12:192-199